LESSON 6. PUBLIC HEALTH IN RUSSIA. GRAMMAR: INFINITIVE AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Exercise 1. Read and translate into Russian the following words and word combinations of Latin and Greek origin:

primary stage, qualified doctor, therapeutist, dentist, medical institution, maternity home, paramedical personnel, total sum, specialised centre, medical equipment, preventive medicine, annual, dental inspection, medical examination, planned and controlled medical assistance, fatal, national strategy, concentrate on medical problems, cancer, tuberculosis.

Exercise 2. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, use the dictionary:

charge, department, means, available, congenital, developed, call, qualified, joint venture, emergency aid, annual, furnish, prosthetics, orthodontics, care, maternity.

Exercise 3. Learn the active vocabulary to the text:

free of charge бесплатно

to call in a doctor вызвать врача

a unit (department) отделение

an in-patient department стационар

an out-patient department амбулаторное отделение

to take care of заботиться о ком-либо

health care здравоохранение

a medical (dental) check-up медицинский (стоматологический) осмотр

to carry out a medical проводить медицинский осмотр examination

to undergo a medical проходить медицинский осмотр examination

to provide (render) assistance оказывать помощь

dental inspection стоматологический осмотр

means and ways of effective средства и пути эффективного лечения treatment

a congenital (developed) наследственное (приобретенное)

disease заболевание

a maternity home родильный дом

paramedical personnel средний медицинский персонал

Exercise 4. Translate the following word combinations into Russian before reading the text:

along with this, no matter where a person lives, to be available, expenses are borne by the state, emergency aid station, over one million doctors, to consume a lion's share of allocation, about two thirds, with the aim of, to set up, to carry out, to call in, to check up.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text into Russian.

PUBLIC HEALTH IN RUSSIA

Health service in Russia is controlled by the state. As in many other countries, the public health service in Russia is free of charge. All types of medical aid including surgical intervention are available to everyone.

No matter where a person lives he can always call in a doctor and get a qualified medical aid. All expenses are borne by the state which has a wide network of medical institutions: hospitals, polyclinics, maternity homes, emergency aid stations and so on. Along with these, there are many medical institutions which provide medical assistance for money, such as joint ventures or self-financing polyclinics, for example.

In-patient departments of the state medical institutions have the total of 35 million beds. Over one million doctors and more than three million paramedical personnel are involved in the job of taking care of the people's health. Hospitals consume a lion's share of state allocations for health - about two thirds of the total sum. New large hospitals and specialised centers are set up. Much is done to increase the output of the latest types of medical equipment including radio electronics and nuclear physics.

Everybody knows that it is much easier to prevent a disease than to treat it. The famous Russian surgeon N.Pirogov wrote that the future belongs to preventive medicine. Prophylaxis is one of the basic principles of the Russian public health system. Annual medical check-ups are carried out at every district polyclinic or large factories and farms with the aim of detecting diseases at the earliest stages of their development.

Stomatological (dental) service in our country is also planned and controlled by the state. Dental care is provided free of charge in specially

equipped stomatological polyclinics and in-patient departments. The majority of dental clinics are furnished with modern equipment, have X-ray rooms, physiotherapy units and oral health care rooms. The assistance is rendered by various specialists: dental therapeutists, surgeons, prosthetists, dental mechanics and orthodontists.

Prevention in dentistry is just as important as in general health care. Neglected dental disorders lead to complications that sometimes may be very serious or even fatal. So, the national strategy for dental care is prevention and timely treatment of diseases of the teeth and oral cavity. People are recommended to undergo prophylactic check-ups once or twice a year to protect themselves from dental diseases.

Like everywhere in the world, medical science in Russia concentrates on the solution of most important health problems such as the development of new ways and means of prevention and effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and many other dangerous diseases both congenital and developed. Much attention is paid to the prevention and treatment of tooth decay and other diseases of the teeth and mouth cavity.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Give the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

здравоохранение, профилактический осмотр, проводить медицинский осмотр, проходить медицинский осмотр, бесплатно, оказывать медицинскую помощь, вызвать врача на дом, заботиться

0. создавать (основывать), способы и средства лечения, отделение больницы, стационар, родильный дом, врожденное (приобретенное) заболевание, наряду с, кариес.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. A11 types of medical help including surgical intervention are available to everyone no matter where he lives.

2. One can always call in a doctor if necessary and get a qualified medical aid.

3. A11 expenses are borne by the state which has a wide network of medical institutions: hospitals, polyclinics, maternity homes, emergency aid stations, and so on.

4. State allocations into public health make it possible to build new large hospitals and set up specialised centres equipped with modern apparatus.

5. Over one million doctors and more than three million paramedical personnel are involved in the job of taking care of the people's health.

6. Dental care is provided free of charge in specially equipped polyclinics and in-patient departments.

7. People are recommended to undergo prophylactic check-ups once or twice a year to protect themselves from diseases.

Exercise 3. Fill in prepositions where necessary:

1. Health service ... Russia is planned and controlled ... the state.

2. You can always call ... a doctor if you do not feel well.

3. A11 expenses in hospitals are borne ... the state.

4. State allocations make it possible to set . specialised medical centres.

5. Annual medical check-ups are carried . at every district polyclinic.

6. Medical science in Russia concentrates . most important health problems.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Form nouns from the verbs using the suffix - MENT and translate them:

to develop, to establish, to treat, to improve, to equip, to agree, to enjoy, to pay.

Exercise 2. Determine the functions of the Infinitive and translate the following sentences:

1. To prevent a disease is much easier than to treat it.

2. State allocations make it possible to set up new large health care centres.

3. То keep healthy one must undergo regular medical and dental checkups.

4. To reveal diseases at an early stage medical check-ups are carried out at district polyclinics.

5. N. Pirogov was the first medical man to stress the importance of preventive medicine.

6. It is for the doctor to decide when you can be discharged from the hospital.

7. He worked very hard to finish writing his article in time.

8. It is necessary for you to have an ECG made before you come to see me next time.

9. You have to take this medicine 3 times a day in order to avoid inflammation.

10. To prevent dental caries is easer than to treat it.

11. To prevent dental caries dentists recommend to use fluoride toothpastes.

12. Good tooth brushing habits are known to help avoid dental disease and have healthy teeth.

Exercise 3. Rewrite sentences using Complex Subject instead of clauses. Model: It seems that he stole the money.

He seems to have stolen the money. 1. It seems that he knows everyone here.

2. Until the XXth century, it was considered that cardiovascular disease was not a serious problem.

3. It was reported that nearly a quarter of fatal attack victims were below age 65.

4. Researchers found that bacteria which cause gum disease can travel through the bloodstream.

5. It is likely that patients with gum disease more often suffer from narrowing of the arteries.

6. Many dermatologists believe that refined carbohydrates trigger inflammation in the skin.

7. The WHO experts suppose that the number of diabetics will double by 2030.

8. It is said that the first book devoted entirely to dentistry appeared in the XVIth century.

9. It is known that ancient Romans could make false teeth and even removable dentures from ivory.

10. It is considered that the hardness of porcelain is very high.

SPEECH EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Answer the questions to the text:

1. Where can we get medical aid?

2. What is the number of medical workers in our country?

3. What are state allocations for medicine used for?

4. Are medical check-ups carried out regularly?

5. How often must one undergo dental inspection?

6. What kinds of dental help are provided by polyclinics?

7. What are the problems the Russian medical science concentrates on?

8. Prevention is important, isn't it? Why so?

Exercise 2. Agree or disagree with the following statements, using the given phrases:

That is quite right (true), yes.

I'm afraid I can't agree with you here.

1. Medical care is very expensive in Russia.

2. Very little is done to increase the output of modern medical equipment.

3. It is easier to prevent a disease than to treat it.

4. No medical check-ups are carried out at polyclinics.

5. Dental care is not very important.

6. Neglected disorders cannot lead to complications.

7. Medical care is available to everybody in our country.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the words in brackets:

1. Medical help in Russia is provided . (where, when, whom by).

2. State health allocations make it possible . (to do what).

3. Prophylactic check-ups are carried out ... (where, how often, what for).

4. Prevention is very important because . (what).

Exercise 4. Ask your fellow students questions using the words in brackets and making all the necessary arrangements.

1. Where (district, to be, your, polyclinic)?

2. How often (you, if, for, to undergo, a medical check-up, must)?

3. Who (your, to be, district doctor)?

4. What (you, to think, service, about, polyclinical, to do)?

Exercise 5. Act out the following situations:

You are talking to an English friend. Tell him/her about the health care in our country:

a) our polyclinical (out-patient) aid,

b) our hospital (in-patient) aid,

c) dental care,

d) prevention service in our country.