Английский язык : учебник / И. Ю. Марковина, З. К. Максимова, М. Б. Вайнштейн; - 4-е изд., испр. и перераб. - 2010. - 368 с.
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V. ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
LESSON TWENTY
THE AIR AND HEALTH
Повторение: Ing-формы (? 24)
Часть I Слова к части I
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с ing-формами.
1.
This table presents the patients with post operative infection who
were not receiving prophylactic antibiotics. 2. Scattering of radiation
occurs when X-rays come into contact with radiopaque objects. 3.
Ionizing radiation can cause chemical changes in the cells through
which it passes and is able to affect the functioning of those cells.
4. The past history of this patient was complicated by diabetes
mellitus, arteriosclerotic heart disease and a long history of smoking.
5. Cases 1-3 were being investigated as to the cause of their
radiation dermatitis. 6. Air pollution varies considerably from one area
to another, being most pronounced in heavily industrialized zones.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения c герундием; опреде- лите его функции.
1.
The lecturer told us about the difficulties of making a 24 hour urine
collection in healthy children outside hospital. 2. Patients with
hepatic cirrhosis develop oliguric renal failure in response to minor
decrease in circulating blood volume. 3. The internal distribution of
blood flow has been estimated by measuring the extraction of
p-aminohippurate. 4. By investigating patients with cirrhosis a direct
relationship between renal hemodynamic changes and cirrhosis of the
liver may be established. 5. Developmental disorders of the body lead to
stunting or to overgrowth of the skeletal system, to faulty connective
or other «soft» tissues or to physical distortion and deformity. 6. I
am against your taking part in this experiment.
Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
1.
associate, to associate, associable, associated, association; 2. to
alter, alteration, alternative; 3. sense, senseless, sensibility,
sensitive, to sensitize; 4. to suffer, sufferer, suffering
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание текста.
Text A Air and Health
1. There
is accumulating evidence that air pollution is producing harmful
effects in man. Many studies reveal that air pollution may cause
reduced visibility, eye irritation, and respiratory irritation. Some
medical studies link air pollution with lung cancer, emphysema and
other diseases.
2. The
severity of symptoms of illness increases proportionately with
concentration of pollutants in the air. The first effects of air
pollutants are likely to lead to discomfort. Though not associated with
the development of disease, even in sensitive groups, these effects
are capable of disturbing the comfort of the population in residential
or industrial areas. This level is the one at which eye irritation
occurs. Also in this category are levels of pollutants that damage
vegetation and reduce visibility. A more serious level of pollutants,
or possibly combination of pollutants, is likely to lead to insidious or
chronic diseases or to significant alteration of important
physiological function in a «sensitive group» such as the aged or
sufferers from chronic respiratory or heart disease.
Pollution
would not necessarily be a risk for persons in good health. But under
conditons of intense pollution, this «sensitive group» may die.
3. Three episodes of acute air pollution have been characterized by sudden death. These tragedies occurred in
4. During these periods, 63 deaths in
5. Three
general types of substances are known to pollute the atmospheres of
all industrial environments: chemical, radioactive and biological.
Chemical pollutants are the major concern because of expanding
industrial, automobile and domestic wastes. However, radioactive
pollutants add to the total radiation exposure in both urban and rural
air. Biological dusts and pollens likewise may cause effects,
especially in persons who react to them with hay fever, asthma, and
other allergies.
Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А еще раз и назовите факторы, способствующие загрязнению воздуха.
Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачи- тайте их.
1.
What effect is air pollution producing in man? 2. What are the first
effects of air pollution? 3. Who were the victims of three episodes in
Упражнение 7. Составьте письменно план текста А.
Упражнение 8. Спишите и переведите абзац 2 текста А.
Упражнение 9. Прочтите приведенные аннотации. Скажите, какая из них передает содержание текста наиболее адекватно и более отвечает требованиям, предъявляемым к аннотации.
Air pollution depending on
its concentration and the level of pollutants cause conditions of
different severity and even death in the «sensitive group».
Episodes of acute air pollution took place in different countries in 1930, 1947, 1952.
Chemical, radioactive and biological substances are known to pollute the atmosphere.
Air
pollution produces harmful effects in man: reduced visibility, eye and
respiratory irritation, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
The severity of symptoms increases proportionately with concentration of pollution.
A
serious level of pollutants or combination of them is likely to lead
insidious or chronic diseases or to alteration of physiological
functions and even death in elderly people or sufferers from chronic
respiratory or heart diseases.
The episodes of acute pollution occurred in
Three types of air pollutants are known. They are chemical, radioactive and biological ones.
Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите текст. Определите функции ing- форм.
In October 1948, the small town of
The
fog of 1948 was unusually wet and dirty and had a peculiar sulphurous
smell. It became dense on Tuesday morning, 26 October, and soon
Donora's eight doctors were receiving far more calls than they could
attend to. The patients complained about pain in the abdomen, splitting
headache, nausea and vomiting, and some coughing up of blood. Soon
there were 20 deaths directly attributable to the fog. Late Saturday
afternoon it began drizzling, the air became clearer, and by Sunday
morning, 31 October, the fog was gone.
Часть II Слова к части II
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Определите значение выделенных слов в данных предло- жениях.
1. Since the amount of contamination until recent years was small in relation to the vastness of the atmosphere, little trouble resulted. «Pure» air is, of course, a mixture of many kinds of gases and varying amounts of water vapour. (степень, количество, общая сумма) 2. Some authorities feel we may eventually run into oxygen depletion problems with the elimination of green plants. (истощение, опустошение) 3. Instead of pollutants being diluted through twelve miles of atmosphere, they may be held within several hundred feet of the ground. (разбавлять, растворять, ослаблять)
Упражнение 2. Просмотрите
текст В (10 мин). 1) Назовите основные по- ложения текста. 2) Прочтите
вслух интернациональные слова. Запомните их произношение и значение.
3) Найдите в тексте предложения с ing- формами. Переведите предложения.
Text В
Air Pollution
A
man can live without food for weeks and without water for days, but he
can live without air for only a few minutes. Accordingly, air is the
most immediately vital resource.
Since
the amount of contamination until recent years was small in relation
to the vastness of the atmosphere, little trouble resulted. In the last
few decades, however, continuing contamination is producing
concentrations that are harmful to men, animals and plants.
Air
pollution is produced by different air contaminants in different
areas. By general definition, air pollution is the introduction of
hazardous materials into the atmosphere as the result of man's
activities.
Some
pollutants, such as smoke from forest fires, may stem from either
natural or human causes. Pollution, as discussed here, will imply the
possibility of control.
In order to
understand the problem of air pollution more fully, let us briefly
examine the nature and size of our atmosphere. «Pure» air is, of
course, a mixture of many kinds of gases, including about 78 per cent
nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen, less than 1 per cent argon, 0.03 per cent
carbon dioxide, traces of several other gases and varying amounts of
water vapour. So far, contrary to popular belief, the percentage of
oxygen in the air has not been reduced significantly with the advent of
air pollution. However, man's activities are reducing the world supply
of green plants which are the only sources of oxygen at an alarming
rate. An acre of foodcrop plants produces far less oxygen than the acre
of forest it may have replaced. An acre of pavement produces no oxygen
at all. Thus, some scientists feel we may eventually run into oxygen
depletion problems with the elimination of green plants, though other
air problems are more pressing at this time.
The
problem of air pollution is further complicated by the existence of
inversion layers over many of the world's major cities. An inversion
layer is a layer of warmer air over a cooler surface layer of air, and
results from an area's topographical character and proximity to water.
The inversion layer acts as an air trap, preventing air pollutants from
mixing with upper layers of air. Thus, instead of pollutants being
diluted through twelve miles of atmosphere, they may be held within
several hundred feet of the ground.
The
problem of air pollution is of great social importance. Russian
research workers have established, after analysing the results of
hundreds of medical checkups that there is a definite correlation
between the degree of air pollution and rates of incidence and death
from bronchitis, pneumonia and lung cancer. The researchers believe
that if air pollution were decreased by 50 per cent then the incidence
of these diseases would go down by 25 per cent.
An adequate
number of facts has now been established which prove that there is a
connection between air pollution and the death-rate from all types of
cancer.
Упражнение 5. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.
Упражнение 6. Основываясь на тексте В, назовите основные источники загрязнения воздуха в современном городе.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 20
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите текст. Проверьте перевод ing-форм по ключу на стр. 209.
The Accident
The pilot of a single-engined monoplane with a passenger was carrying out1 a practice forced landing,2 when the left wing struck a tree.
The aircraft was severely damaged in the crash, the engine mounts breaking3 and the engine section being pushed back4 into the cockpit, trapping5 both occupants by their legs.
On arriving,6 4 minutes after the crash, the rescuers saw that both occupants were hanging7 upside down in their shoulder harnesses. The fuel tank was compressed and had burst at the side and bottom edges.
Most of the
The occupants' faces were directly beneath the petrol tank and petrol ran over them.
The
rescuers released the passenger after about 5 minutes. When he was
released he seemed shocked, but did not lose consciousness. Cutting8
equipment was needed to release the pilot, and he was retained in the
wreckage for 25 minutes, but during this time remained conscious.
The volume of the cockpit was
Both occupants were coughing10 and complained of some soreness of the throat and irritation of the eyes.
The injured were admitted to a hospital 2 hours after the accident.
(Ответ: 1. производил; 2. посадку; 3. сломался; 4. сдвинулся назад; 5. прищемив; 6. по прибытии; 7. висели; 8. режущий; 9. отверстие; 10. кашляли.)
Упражнение 2. Найдите в левой колонке слово или словосочетание, которое поясняет слово в правой колонке.
1. to substitute 1. left as useless
2. feasible 2. to begin
3. to originate 3. to throw down
4. refuse 4. to put in place of another
5. to dump 5. possible, likely
(Ответ: 1-4, 2-5, 3-2, 4-1, 5-3.)
LESSON TWENTY-ONE
WATER POLLUTION
Повторение: Функции инфинитива (? 25)
Часть I
Слова к части I
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с формой инфинитива в действительном и страдательном залоге.
1.
The industries of all countries spend millions to fight air pollution.
2. The patients to be examined suffered from smoke intoxica-
tion. 3. To avoid air pollution from domestic coal fires (as those in
Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным производ- ным и переведите их.
bacillary, amoebic, illness, bacteriological, responsibility, foaming
Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.
virus disease, to estimate highly, discharges from a wound, to discharge a patient from the hospital, sedimentation rate
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Назовите основные проблемы, выз- ванные загрязнением природных вод.
Text A
The Problem of Water Pollution and Pollution Control
1. Water pollution means contamination of surface or ground water1 supplies
by sewage industrial wastes or garbage and other refuse. Water
pollution arises from the activitites of man in his cities, industries
and agricultural pursuits.
2. Water
pollution becomes not only an esthetic problem for man, but an
economic and medical one as well. Bacterial and viral contamination is a
threat for the spread of waterborne diseases such as typhoid,
shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, cholera and
hepatitis.
3. Water
pollution is considered to be perhaps an ever greater hazard to health
and economic growth menace to recreation than air pollution. Millions
of fish are killed in coastal waters and rivers each year. Radioactive
wastes detergents, pesticides, and other chemicals are found in
numerous rivers and streams. In addition, demands upon available
4. Pollution control. An
over-all reduction of the quantities of contaminants to be discharged
to watercourses is necessary. The users of public waters have a
responsibility for returning them as clean as possible.
Adoption
of better industrial and agricultural practices will be necessary to
prevent the more toxic wastes from being discharged into lake, stream,
or ocean. For the majority of wastes from cities and industries the
solution lies in treatment by physical, chemical, and biological
processes which will remove suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids.
Sedimentation, coagulation and filtration will remove up to 50% of the
organic matter. For more thorough removals it is necessary to use
biological processes in which large masses of bacteria and other
microorganisms are brought into close contact with the soluble and
colloidal organic matter in the waste waters. «Biological filters» are
used in most of the biological processes.
5. Prevention of pollution. Waters
generally are classified as surface waters and ground waters. Surface
waters are lakes, rivers, reservoirs, streams and costal waters.
Treating
polluted surface waters is somewhat simpler than eliminating pollution
from ground waters, where the pollution can travel rapidly or slowly
depending on the nature of the ground strata through which the supply
moves and on the nature of the pollution itself.
6. Intensive
research is needed to discover better and more efficient techniques
for treating water. Scientists in universities and research
laboratories are studying a very wide range of renovation techniques.
Among them are absorption by carbon or other absorptive filters,
distillation, foaming, freezing, ion exchange, solvent extraction,
electrodialysis and electrolysis.
Notes
1. surface waters поверхностные воды; ground waters грунтовые воды
Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Назовите факторы, приводящие к загрязнению природных вод, и способы борьбы с ними в зависимости от типа загрязнения.
Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и зачи- тайте их.
1.
What diseases are caused by bacterial and viral contamination of
water? 2. How are waters generaly classified? 3. What factors cause
water pollution? 4. What are the processes used to control water pollution? 5. The scientists are studying renovation techniques for treating polluted waters, aren't they? What are they?
Упражнение 7. Напишите возможные сочетания: а) прилагательных и существительных; б) глаголов и существительных.
Упражнение 8. Переведите письменно абзац 4.
Упражнение 9. Заполните таблицу, указав виды загрязнения воды в соответствующих водоемах и способы их очистки.
Polluted Waters
Упражнение 10. Составьте письменно аннотацию текста А.
Упражнение 11. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст; определите функции инфинитива.
The
paper reports diarrhea in infants who drink water from local wells.
These waters contained sulphate in a concentration of 600-1000 mg. per
litre. The water was boiled before use, no microorganisms were found,
and diarrhea could be induced or cured simply by manipulation of the
sulphate concentration in the water. On the Canadian prairie many wells
yield water which contains such a high concentration of minerals that
it is too bitter to drink; water from other wells is palatable, yet
many cause diarrhea. Sodium, magnesium and calcium were the
most
abundant cations to be present in these waters. Sodium always exceeded
magnesium. The high sulphate concentration was sufficient by itself to
account for the diarrhea. Sulphate is known to be absorbed and its
purgative action can be explained entirely by its osmotic effect. The
absorbability of the cation given with sulphate probably does not
affect the purgative potency of the salt because sulphate retains an
equivalent amount of cation during its passage through the gut. The
purgative action of magnesium, another ion, which is poorly absorbed,
could be similarly explained. Yet, magnesium is an ion of many parts
and the possibility of a direct effect of a high concentration of
magnesium on the motility of intestinal muscle cannot be discounted.
Other, less scientific, observations have suggested that sulphate has
the advantage over magnesium as a purgative.
Much remains to be learned about the transport and effects of these and other ions in the colon.
Часть II Слова к части II
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Запомните значение и употребление данных слов.
1. to interfere: to interfere in вмешиваться; to interfere with пре- пятствовать, мешать чему-л.
2. matter вещество; вопрос, дело, предмет (обсуждения); as a matter of fact фактически, на самом деле; Animal and vegetable matters are among industrial wastes. Наряду с другими веществами, вещества животного происхождения, а также вещества растительные составляют промышленные отходы. Animal matters are the soonest destroyed by the operation of heat, light and air, vegetable substances yield more slowly. Вещества животного происхождения быстрее разлагаются под действием тепла, света и воздуха; растительные вещества - медленнее.
Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Назовите основные типы загрязнения вод. Объясните, как определяется степень загрязнения.
2) Найдите в тексте предложения, где употреблены формы инфинитива.
3) Переведите предложения.
Text В Water Pollution
Water
in its natural state is never 100 percent pure. As soon as it
condenses as rain, water begins gathering impurities until purified or
until it evaporates. Much of this impurity is not sufficient to spoil
the usefulness of water; some materials and substances, however, do
limit its usefulness.
By
definition «water pollution* we mean the presence in water of any
substance that interferes with any of its legitimate uses - for public
water supplies, recreation, agriculture, industry, the preservation of
fish and esthetic purposes.
The
principal forms of water pollution are domestic, industrial and
agricultural wastes. Domestic wastes include sewage, detergents and
everything else going down the drains of a city into its sewer system -
used water from toilets, bathtubs, sinks and washings from
restaurants, laundries, hospitals and hotels and other businesses.
Industrial
wastes are the acids, oils, greases, other chemicals and animal and
vegetable matter discharged by factories. These wastes are discharged
either through sewer system or through separate outlets directly into
waterways. Agricultural wastes include pesticides (insecticides,
fungicides and herbicides), fertilizers (mainly nitrates and
phosphates) and animal wastes. In addition to these principal forms,
other pollutants such as heat and radioactive substances, can
contribute to water pollution.
The
extent of pollution in a given body of water can be measured to some
degree by the amount of organic wastes it contains. Organic wastes can
generally be destroyed by biochemical action, either naturally in a
free-flowing stream or artificially in a waste treatment plant. Not all
pollutants can be removed by such action, however; examples include
minerals and acids from industrial operations or mining. Such
pollutants as radioactive substances, pesticides, detergents and
various oil products are highly resistant to breakdown and must be
specially treated.
Упражнение 3. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.
1.
Natural water is never 100 per cent pure. 2. «Water pollution» means
the presence in water of the substance that interferes with its
legitimate uses. 3. Agricultural wastes include pesticides,
fertilizers, etc. 4. There are some forms of water pollution. 5. The
extent of water pollution can be measured by the amount of organic
wastes in it. 6. Some wastes can be destroyed but others cannot.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающее упражнение к уроку 21
Укажите, в каких предложениях употреблены сложные инфинитивные конструкции. Переведите предложения.
1. Such
impurities are thought to be allergenic. 2. We know sewage to be the
water carried discharges of the human body together with the liquid
wastes from household and factory. 3. Have you taken anything to
relieve your headache? 4. Water appears to be the largest constituent
of the body making up two-thirds of the total mass of the human
organism. 5. Experiments with magnetic resonance seem to support the
belief that intracellular water is closer to crystalline than the
liquid state. 6. Anomalous expansion of water at temperatures near
freezing point enables fresh water fish to survive cold winters.
(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ?? 26, 27 Грамматического справочника.)
LESSON TWENTY-TWO
NOISE POLLUTION
Повторение: Виды придаточных предложений (? 29)
Часть I Слова к части I
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие придаточные предложения.
1.
We know the greatest hazard to man is found in the water contaminated
with the discharges from the human body. 2. The principal measures
which we use in water purification are: aeration, coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration, softening, desinfection (chlorination),
absorption (activated carbon), corrosion correction. 3. Civilization
requires that the wastes of the human body should be removed from
habitation safely and promptly. 4. Were the water not desinfected with
chlorine, the pathogenic and other forms of bacteria would not be
destroyed. 5. If we used the preventive measures against water
contamination in time, we could save many people from poisoning. 6. Had
they not purified the drinking water in this area, the disease would
have been immediately transmitted.
Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным производ- ным; переведите их.
noiseless, excessive, equality, deafness, assessment
Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание текста.
Text A
Noise as a Source of Environmental Annoyance
2. Around
the home, background noise averages 40 to 50 decibels, conversation
produces 60 decibels, a garbage disposal 85 and a vacuum cleaner 90
decibels. Heavy city traffic at rush hour usually produces 95 to 100
decibels, and a jet aircraft taking off generates 120 to 150 decibels.
3. Medical
science has recently shown that excessive noise can be a significant
nervous stress. It can increase irritability and reduce job efficiency.
In some cases it can cause changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and
metabolism similar to other types of emotional anxiety and stress.
Prolonged noise, above the level of 95 decibels, can also cause hearing
loss and early deafness. Workers in noisy factories, construction
trades and transportation jobs which have high noise levels are
especially subject to hearing loss.
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, в чем трудность предотвращения шума.
Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. Why has noise and unwanted sound been given more attention to?
2. What are the examples of sound disturbances measured in decibels?
3. What
are the consequences of excessive noise as environmental disturbance?
4. What do critics of supersonic planes say? 5. Can man adjust to this
new technologic advance?
Упражнение 6. Переведите письменно абзац 4 текста А
Упражнение 7. Составьте письменно аннотацию текста А.
Упражнение 8. Прочтите следующие тексты. Найдите в них придаточные предложения и переведите их.
1. Pollution-Free Electric Car
A
Japanese automobile firm has announced successful development of
three-wheel electric light van for pick-up and delivery service and
informed that it had started production of the car for full-scale
marketing.
Recently,
development work on electric cars has been accelerated in Japan as a
principal means of eliminating environmental damage which is caused by
automobiles through air pollution and noise. The electric cars they are
going to construct will be the first to be used in the streets. This
car will be employed mainly for delivery of newspapers, mail and milk
as it has motor and four 12-volt improved lead batteries as the power
source. The vehicle, in which only a driver sits, has maximum speed of
2. Quieting Noisy Trucks
The
acoustic properties of plastics have played a major role in helping
industry to cope with standards on noise emission. And now the
experience which was gained over the years is being applied to the job
of quieting noisy trucks. We speak of trucks particularly because the
diesel engines that carry much of the nation's freight have been
identified as a source of widespread noise pollution. No truck which is
noisier than an automobile should not be permitted on the road.
So
it's hardly suprising that interest in plastics is on the rise.
Plastics are used as sound absorbing barrier and damping materials.
The
sound absorbing foam products that are installed on the top sides, and
various other interior areas of the truck cabin will not transmit
sounds.
Часть II Слова к части II
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Подберите соответствующее значение к выделенным словам и переведите данные предложения.
1. There are disadvantages (неблагоприятное положение, недостаток, вред) in intense urbanization. 2. The most damaging effect of noise is the disruption (крушение, раскол, руины, разрыв) of our psychic balance.
Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, что является причиной шумового загрязнения и каковы его последствия. 2) Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения в тексте.
Text В
Noise Pollution
From almost
every health-related standpoint, we can say that there are disadvantages
in intense urbanization. Environmental problems include air pollution,
sewage disposal, acquisition of safe waters, noise abatement, space
for outdoor recreation, emotional stress and a host of other problems.
One
of the more recently «discovered» pollutants in the modern environment
is noise. For the city dweller noise may be the most significant
environmental pollutant. He is constantly buffeted by the noise of
aircraft, trains, motorcycles, buses, machinery when he is at home and
at work, his neighbour's stereo, and his neighbour's toilet flushing.
One study showed that the average noise level in residential areas rose
as much as 9 decibels between 1984 and 1987.
Some
of the effects of noise have been known or suspected for years.
Fatigue, emotional stress, and permanent loss of hearing acuity are
welldocumented effects. Other studies have shown that noise, either
prolonged or sudden, produces involuntary responses by the circulatory,
digestive and nervous systems. Noise can cause adrenalin to be shot
into the blood as during stress and anxiety periods; it can cause the
heart to beat rapidly, the blood vessels to constrict, the pupils to
dilate, and the stomach, esophagus, and intestines to be seized by
spasm. A three-year
study
of university students showed that noise of only 7 decibels
consistently caused constriction of the coronary arteries which supply
oxygen to the heart muscle. Permanent hearing loss occurs with
prolonged exposure to sounds of over 90 decibels.
Probably
the most damaging effect of noise on the quality of human life is its
disruption of our psychic balance. Loud, harsh, or persistent noise
puts our nerves «on edge» so that our personal relationships are
strained and often explosive, interferes with our concentration, and
impairs the efficient functioning of our minds. Noise must not be
regarded as no more than just an annoyance because it is a serious
threat to the quality of our lives.
In our
concern with other forms of environmental decay, we have largely
overlooked the importance of noise control, and noise levels continued
to creep upward.1 Like any other form of pollution control,
noise control will require legislated limits on noise levels, strict
enforcement of those limits, and a personal concern2 for the rights of others to live in a decent environment.
Notes
1. to creep upward ползти вверх
2. personal concern личная заинтересованность
Упражнение 4. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.
1.
For the city dweller noise may be an environmental pollutant. 2. The
average noise level in residential areas has risen. 3. The effect of
noise is the disruption of our psychic balance. 4. Noise levels
continue to creep upward. 5. Like any other form of pollution noise
should be controlled.
Упражнение 5. Классифицируйте поражения в зависимости от качества шума по заданной схеме.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 22
Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения, в которых отсутствует союз.
1.
Any modern vehicle should be propelled by electric motors which reduce
pollution and noise. 2. The price we have to pay for the unlimited
exploration of natural resources and the pollution of the air and water
is rather high. 3. Gears that are made of plastics provide greater
freedom from noise and vibrations than metal gears. 4. Had we used the
recently developed device we could have saved much time. 5. We know
water is a vehicle for such infections as cholera, typhoid fever,
dysentery and other diseases having their primary seat in the digestive
tract.
(Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ? 32 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Прочтите
текст. Найдите в тексте предложения: а) придаточные дополнительные; б)
определительные; в) обстоятельственные; г) условные. Переведите текст.
Nutrients
Nutrients
nourish our body and give us energy. Energy is the ability to do work.
Our body uses energy for every action to move, to breathe, to think,
to grow. Repairing body parts when we get hurt takes energy too. All
this energy comes from nutrients in the food.
You
know that all foods contain moisture. The solid part of food is made
up mostly of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates and fats
supply our body with fuel for energy. If the carbohydrates and fats are
not used for energy, they are stored in our body as fat. Proteins
provide our body with material for growth and repair. Protein foods
also contain some carbohydrates or fats. Meat always has fat with the
protein, even if the meat is lean; milk has both carbohydrates and fat
with the protein. Vitamins and minerals are other important nutrients
which help our body to function properly.
The
research workers proved that a balanced diet contains all the
nutrients necessary to keep us healthy. No one food supplies all the
nutrients that our body needs. Because some foods are high in certain
nutrients and other foods are high in other nutrients, it is important
for us to eat a variety of foods.
Over
half of the food we eat should be in the form of carbohydrates. Most
of the carbohydrate foods should be complex ones. Sweet foods
such
as sugar jam, syrup, frosting, cake and candy are not a good source of
carbohydrates. Our body needs vitamins and minerals to change sugar
into energy. But refined sugar has no vitamins or minerals in it. The
best sources of carbohydrates contain natural sugar or starch as well
as vitamins and minerals. When we are not very active we should get
most of the carbohydrates that we need from fruits and vegetables
because they are low in fat.