An estimated 17 million people (to die) ___________ of CVDs, particularly heart at-tacks and strokes, every year. A substantial number of these deaths can (to attribute) ____________________________ to tobacco smoking, which (to increase) ________________ the risk of dying from coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease 2–3 fold. Physical inactivity and unhealthy diet (to be) _______ other main risk factors which (to increase) ______________ individual risks to cardiovascular diseases. One of the strategies (to be) ______ to provide actionable information for development of appropriate policies. As part of such efforts, WHO in collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (to produce) _________________ for the wider audience, "The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke".
The objective of WHO's prevention of blindness team (to be) ______to assist Member States to effectively prevent blindness and restore sight, when possible. The global target (to be) _____ to reduce blindness prevalence to less than 0.5 % in all countries, or less than 1 % in any country.
Between 100 and 150 million people around the globe (to suffer) ____________________ from asthma and this number (to rise)________________. World-wide, deaths from this condition (to reach) ______________________ over 180,000 annually.
Avian influenza (to be) ______ an infectious disease of birds. It (to cause) ________________ by type A strains of the influenza virus. The disease (to identify) __________________ in Italy more than 100 years ago. It (to occur) _____________ worldwide.
In 2002, it (to estimate)____________________that strokes (to result) _________________ in 5.5 million deaths worldwide, making it a leading cause of death. Projections to the year 2020 (to indicate) ___________________ that the number of people suffering from stroke each year (to increase) _________________________substantially.
At least 171 million people worldwide (to have) _______________ diabetes. World-wide, it (to estimate) ____________________________ that more than 22 million children under five years old are obese or overweight, and more than 17 million of them (to be) _________ in developing countries. Each of these children (to be) _______ at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It 9to know) ________________________as mature-onset diabetes).
Globally, an estimated 10% of school-aged children, between five and 17 years old, (to be) __________ overweight or obese, and the situation (to get) _________________________ worse.
Twenty-five per cent of individuals(to develop) __________________ one or more mental or behavioural disorders at some stage in life, in both developed and developing countries. The following disorders can now (to diagnose) ____________________ reliably and accurately as the most common physical disorders; some can (to prevent) ________________, all can (to manage and to treat) _______________________successfully. Depressive disorders and schizophrenia (to be) _______ responsible for 60% of all suicides. An estimated 121 million people currently (to suffer) __________________ from depression. Around 24 million people worldwide (to have) ____________________ schizophrenia. The disorder (to find) __________ equally in men and women. An estimated 37 million people worldwide (to live) ________________ with dementia. About 5% of men and 6% of women over 60 years of age (to affect) __________________ by Alzheimer's. An estimated 50 million people of all ages around the world (to affect) ______________________ by epilepsy. It (to estimate)______________________ that the overall prevalence of mental retardation (to be) _____ between 1% and 3%.
Today, one in three adults or 1.2 billion people (to use) ______________ tobacco. By 2025, the number (to expect) ______________________ to rise to more than 1.6 billion. Tobacco (to estimate) _______________________ to account for 4 million annual deaths in 1998. This (to expect) __________________________to rise to 8.4 million deaths by 2020.
There (to be) _____ an estimated 70 million people who (to have) __________________ alcohol use disorders, including harmful use and dependence 78% of whom (to remain) ________ untreated. The rate of alcohol use disorder for men is 2.8% and for women 0.5 %. An estimated 5 million people worldwide (to inject) ______________ illicit drugs. There (to be) _________ a high prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users.
Epidemiological studies (to confirm) ________ that the commonest causes of maternal suffering and death during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period (to be) _______ the following:
Unsafe abortion (to contribute) ___________________ to 13% of deaths. There (to be) a variety of severe complications. They (to include) ______________ sepsis, haemorrhage, uterine trauma and poisoning;
Eclampsia (to cause) ____________________ 12% of deaths during pregnancy. It (to be) _______ most dangerous when severe.
Obstructed labour (to result) ________________ in 8% of deaths. This also causes long-term complications for the mother (fistulae) and newborn (death or disability);
25% of deaths (to cause)_________________ by postpartum haemorrhage, particularly when it (to associate) ____________________ with anaemia as a result of poor nutrition or malaria;
Puerperal sepsis (to contribute) __________________ to 15% of deaths – it (to aggravate)_________________ by lack of hygiene during delivery or pre-existing sexually transmitted infections including HIV;
Other direct obstetric causes (to contribute) ________________ to 8% of deaths - these (to include) ______________________ ectopic and molar pregnancy, and embolisms.
The dangers associated with the above conditions (to exacerbate) ___________________ by malnutrition in women before and during pregnancy, and after delivery; malaria during pregnancy; and pre-existing illness such as tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases, hepatitis, asthma or HIV. These indirect causes (to associate) __________________ with 20% of maternal deaths.
Pregnant adolescent girls (to represent) ___________________ a significant subgroup of pregnant women. There (to be) _______ evidence that some complications and some conditions (to occur) _______________ more commonly in adolescents (especially the younger age groups) than in adults. These (to include) ______________ anaemia and premature labour and delivery.
The major causes of neonatal mortality (to be) ______: neonatal infections (neonatal tetanus, sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia, congenital syphilis) – 33% of deaths; birth asphyxia and trauma – (many surviving infants (to have) ______________ disabilities) – 28% of deaths; pre-term birth and/or low birth weight, (to be) __________ also major contributors to morbidity and disabilities in survivors – 24% of deaths, and congenital anomalies – 10% of deaths, and other causes – 5% of deaths.
Alcohol and tobacco consumption (to be) ______ other significant preventable causes of maternal and neonatal ill-health and mortality.
Maternal smoking (to associate) _____________________ with complications such as bleeding during pregnancy, premature and prolonged rupture of the membranes, and pre-term delivery. Also, maternal smoking (to retard) __________________ foetal growth. It (to cause) _________________ an average reduction in birth weight of 200g, and (to double) ___________________ the risk of having a low-birth-weight baby. Studies (to show) __________________ a higher rate of foetal and infant deaths when the mother smokes.
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can (to lead) _________________ to abortion, stillbirth, premature delivery, or congenital abnormalities (foetal alcohol syndrome).
About 20% of all deaths in children under 5 years (to be) ________ due to Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRIs - pneumonia, bronchiolitis and bronchitis); 90% of these deaths (to be) _______ due to pneumonia. Early recognition and prompt treatment of pneumonia (to be) _____ life saving.
Causative organisms may (to be) _______ bacterial (most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) or viral.
Low birth weight, malnourished and non-breastfed children and those living in over-crowded conditions (to be) ________ at higher risk of getting pneumonia. These children (to be) ______ also at a higher risk of death from pneumonia.
