Blood (to be) _____ a circulating tissue. Blood (to compose) _______ of fluid plasma and cells. The main three groups of blood cells (to be) _____ red blood cells or erythrocytes [i’riOresaits], white blood cells or leukocytes [‘lju:kesaits], and platelets [‘pleitlits] or thrombocytes [‘Orombosaits]. The main functions of blood (to be) _____ first, to supply nutrients (oxygen, glucose) and constitutional elements to tissues and second, to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid). The blood (to circulate) _____________ around the lungs and body by the pumping action of the heart.
Blood is composed of several kinds of corpuscles [‘ko:p slz]. These formed elements of the blood (to constitute) ____________ about 45% of whole blood. The other 55% (to be) ____ blood plasma. Blood plasma (to be) _____ a yellowish fluid. The average adult (to have) ______ a blood volume of about 5 liters, of which 2.7-3 liters (to be) ____ plasma.
The corpuscles are:
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Red blood cells or erythrocytes (to account) _____________96% of blood cells. These corpuscles (to lack) _____ a nucleus. so are not cells strictly speaking. They (not to be) ______ true cells. They (to contain) ________ the blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. The red blood cells (to mark) ____________ by proteins that (to define) __________ different blood types.
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White blood cells or leukocytes (to account) ___________ for 3.0%. They (to be) ______ part of the immune system. They (to destroy) __________ infectious agents. They (to be) _____ true cells.
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Platelets or thrombocytes (to account) ______________ for 1.0% (to be) _______ responsible for blood clotting (coagulation). They (not to be) _________ true cells.
The normal erythrocyte count (to be) ____ between 4 mln and 5 mln erythrocytes per cubic milimeter.
The normal leucocyte count (to be) ____ between 4 000 and 9 000 leucocytes per cubic milimeter.
The normal thrombocyte count (to be) ____ between 180 000 and 320 000 thrombocytes per cubic milimeter. Blood plasma (to be) _____ essentially an aqueous [‘eikwies] solution containing 96% water, and 4% blood plasma proteins. Some components (to be) _____:
albumin [‘aelbjumin]; blood clotting factors; immunoglobulins (antibodies) [‘globjulinz]; hormones [‘ho:mounz]
various other proteins [‘prouti:nz]; various electrolytes [I’lektrolaits] (mainly sodium [‘soudjem] and chlorine [‘klo:ri:n])
Blood cells (to produce) ________________ in the bone marrow. The process (to term) ______________ hematopoiesis. Erythrocytes usually (to live) __________ up to 120 days before they (to replace) ___________ by new erythrocytes. In humans, oxygenated blood (to be) ____ bright red in color. Deoxygenated blood (to be) ____ dark red.
Leukemia or leukaemia (to be) _____ a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. It (to characterize) ______ by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). It (to be) ____a part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.
People with leukemia may (to become) ____________ bruised. They (to bleed) __________ excessively. Finally, the red blood cell deficiency (to lead) __________ to anaemia, which may (to cause) ___________ dyspnea.
Some other related symptoms (to include)
Fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms
Weakness and fatigue
Loss of appetite and/or weight
Swollen or bleeding gums
Neurological symptoms (headache)
Enlarged liver and spleen
Leukemia (to be) ______ a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases.
Leukemia ______ clinically and pathologically (to split) __________ in to its acute and chronic forms.
The diseases (to classify) ___________________ according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood.
When leukemia (to affect) ____________ lymphoid cells, it (to call) ________ lymphocytic leukemia.
• When myeloid cells (to affect) _________________, the disease (to term) __________________ myeloid or myelogenous leukemia.
Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories:
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (to be) ______ the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also (to affect) _____________ adults, especially those age 65 and older.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (to occur) __________ more commonly in adults than in children. .
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia most often (to affect) __________ adults over the age of 55. It sometimes (to occur) __________________ in younger adults, but it almost never (to affect) children.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (to occur) __________________ mainly in adults. A very small number of children also (to develop) ________________________ this disease.
The exact cause of leukemia (to be) _____ unknown but it (to influence) ______________ by both genetic and environmental factors.
Viruses __________(to link) ________________ to some forms of leukemia.
Haemophilia or hemophilia (to be) _______ the name of several hereditary genetic illnesses. They (to impair) _______________ the body's ability to control bleeding. Genetic deficiencies (or, very rarely, an autoimmune disorder) cause lowered plasma clotting factor activity so as to compromise blood-clotting; when a blood vessel is injured, a scab will not form and the vessel can continue to bleed excessively for a very long period of time. The bleeding can be external, if the skin is broken by a scrape, cut or abrasion, or it can be internal, into muscles, joints or hollow organs. It might therefore present visibly as skin bruises, or subtly as melena, hematuria, or bleeding in the brain.
The main Forms (to include) ____________________
Haemophilia A - factor VIII deficiency
Haemophilia B - factor IX deficiency
Haemophilia C - factor XI deficiency
The unrelated type 1 and type 2 von Willebrand disease (vWD) (to be) _________ milder than any of the three haemophilias; only type 3 von Willebrand disease (to express) ______________ a severity similar to the haemophilias.
If a female gives birth to a haemophiliac child, she is a carrier for the disease. It (to estimate) __________ that about 0.006% of the United States population (to suffer) _________ from haemophilia [citation needed].
Though there (to be) ______ no cure for haemophilia, it can (to control) ______________________ with regular injections of the deficient clotting factor, i.e. factor VIII in haemophilia A or factor IX in haemophilia B.
Von Willebrand's disease (vWD) (to be) ______ the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality described in humans. It (to arise) ____________ from a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor.
In humans, the incidence of vWD (to be) ______ roughly about 1 in 100 individuals.
Patients with vWD normally (to require) ____________ no regular treatment. However, they (to be) ______ always at increased risk for bleeding. Prophylactic treatment _____ sometimes (to give) _______ for patients with vWD who (to schedule) _________ for surgery. They can (to treat) _______________ with Factor VIII concentrates.
Anemia (to be) _____ due to a deficiency of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin. Anemia (to result) ____________ in a reduced ability of blood to transfer oxygen to the tissues. It (to cause) ______________ . hypoxia.
Anemia (to be) ______ the most common disorder of the blood. There (to be) ______ several kinds of anemia. They (to produce) _______________ by a variety of underlying causes. Anemia can (to classify) _____________ in a variety of ways, based on the morphology of RBCs, underlying etiologic mechanisms, and clinical feautures.
Anemia (to go) _______ undetected in many people, and symptoms can (to be) _____ vague. Most commonly, people with anemia (to report0 _____________ a feeling of weakness or fatigue. People with more severe anemia sometimes (to report) __________ shortness of breath.
Pallor (pale skin) (to be) _______ only notable in cases of severe anemia, and (to be) _____ therefore not a reliable sign.
The only way to definitively diagnose most cases of anemia (to be) _____ with a blood test. Generally, clinicians (to order) __________ a full blood count. Flow cytometry (to be) ______ an important tool in distinguishing between the causes of anemia. A visual examination of a blood smear can also (to be) ______ helpful in some cases.
The lack of iron associated with anemia can (to cause) _______________ many complications, including hypoxemia, brittle or rigid fingernails, cold intolerance, impaired immune function, and possible behavioral disturbances in children.
Anemia (to affect) ______________ 20% of all females of childbearing age in the United States. Because of the subtlety of the symptoms, women (to be) _______ often unaware that they (to have) ____________ this disorder. Possible problems for the fetus (to include) _______________ increased risk of growth retardation, prematurity, and infection.
Consumption of food rich in iron (to be) ______ essential to prevention of iron deficiency anemia.
Iron-rich foods include red meat; green, leafy vegetables; dried beans; dried apricots, raisins, and other dried fruits, and whole grains. In extreme cases of anemia, researchers (to recommend) __________________ consumption of beef liver, lean meat, lamb or chicken.
There (to be) _______ many different treatments for anemia, including increasing dietary intake of readily available iron and iron supplementation; the treatment (to determine) ________________ by the type of anemia that (to diagnose). In severe cases of anemia, a blood transfusion may (to be) _____ necessary.
What ___ Plasma (to be) ______? Plasma (to be) ____ the fluid portion of blood. It (to be) _____ the river which (to transport) _____________ red blood cells, white cells and platelets through the body to nourish and protect tissues and organs. This pale yellow liquid (to be) _______ also rich in minerals and substances which (to help) ______________ control bleeding. Who ___________Plasma (to need) _____________? Plasma (to need) __________________ frequently by trauma patients, burn victims and others fighting serious illness and injury. Why _____There (to be) __________a Special Need for AB Plasma? In addition to being the rarest blood type (only about 3 percent of the population (to have) ___________ type AB blood) AB plasma (to be) ___________the universal plasma type. AB plasma can (to give) ____________________safely to patients with any blood type. How _____Plasma (to collect) ___________________________ ? Plasma, which 9to make) _____________up about 55 percent of our blood's volume, can (to separate) __________________________ from whole blood donations. Through a process called apheresis (ay-fur-ee-sis), AB donors can safely (to give) _________________________ three times the amount of plasma as can (to separate) ___________________ from a whole blood donation. What ______ Apheresis (to be) ______? Apheresis (to be) _____ a special kind of blood dona-tion. It (to allow) __________________ a donor to give specific blood components, such as plasma or platelets. Blood (to draw) _____________________ from your arm through sterile tubing into a centrifuge. The force of the centrifuge (to cause)_______________ the blood to separate into components. These components (to vary) _________________ in weight and density. The plasma (to draw) ______________________up then into a collection bag, while the remaining blood components (to return) _______________________________to you through your other arm. Who Can (to be) _________ an AB Plasma Donor? If you (to have) ___________ type AB blood and (to meet) ________________ the requirements for donating blood, you probably can (to give) _____________ plasma. AB plasma donors must (to be) ______ be at least 18 years old. They must (to have) _________ good health. They must (to weigh) ______________ at least 110 pounds. 1 pound (to be) _______ 453.6 gr. __AB Plasma Donation (to be) _______ Safe? Yes. Each donation (to supervise) ___________ throughout the procedure by trained staff. The amount of plasma collected (not compromise) _______________ your health and (to restore) ___________________ by your body within 24 hours. New, sterile donation equipment (needle, tubing, collection bags) (to use) _______________ for each donor - it (to be) ______ virtually impossible to contract a disease from the process. How long ______ it (to take) _________? The entire process, including registration, donor screening and donation usually (to take) ________________ less than 90 minutes. You may (to watch) ___________________ television or videotapes, listen to music, or simply sit back and relax while helping save a life. How can I (to become) ___________ an AB Plasma Donor? If you (to live) _____________________ in Western Washington, (to call) ___________ Puget Sound Blood Center's Apheresis Program at 425-453-5098 or 1-800-266-4033 for more information or to make an appointment.
