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Сообщество студентов Кировской ГМА

Декабря 13, 2024, 15:08:08

Автор Тема: DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  (Прочитано 24984 раз)

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DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
« : Июня 21, 2011, 16:06:45 »
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM                                          
   A stroke (to know)____________________ as cerebrovascular accident (CVA). It (to be)_____ an acute
neurologic injury in which the blood supply to a part of the brain (to interrupt)______________ It (to be)
   ______the third leading cause of death and adult disability in the US and industrialized European nations. Of j
every 5 deaths from stroke, 2 (to occur) _______ in men and 3 in women.
   Risk factors (to include)________________advanced age, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes
mellitus, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking (to be)_____the most important risk
    factor of stroke.
Strokes can (to classify)___________________ into two major categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic
   Ischemic stroke (to occur)____________ in approximately 85-90% of strokes. In ischemic stroke, a blood
vessel (to become) _________occluded and the blood supply to part of the brain______ totally or
   partially (to block).
Embolic stroke refers to the blockage of arterial access to a part of the brain by an embolus -- a traveling particle or debris in the arterial bloodstream originating from elsewhere. An embolus is most frequently a blood clot, but it can also be a plaque broken off from an atherosclerotic blood vessel or a number of other substances including fat (e.g., from bone marrow in a broken bone), air, and even cancerous cells. Another cause is bacterial emboli released in infectious endocarditis.
A hemorrhagic stroke, or cerebral hemorrhage, (to be) ______ a form of stroke that (to occur)_________ when
   a blood vessel in the brain (to rupture)__________ ____ or  (to bleed) ________ Hemorrhagic strokes (to
be)________more dangerous than ischemic strokes.
The symptoms of stroke (to depend)_______________on the type of stroke and the area of the brain
affected. Ischemic strokes usually only (to affect)______   _ regional areas of the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes
can (to affect)    ____________ local areas, but often can also (to cause)___________more global
symptoms due to bleeding and increased intracranial pressure.
Symptoms may (to include)                                        : muscle weakness or numbness (hemiplegia),
reduction of pain or temperature sensation, reduction in sensory or vibratory sensation
In most cases, the symptoms (to affect)___________one side of the body, from the neck downwards,
excluding the face. There may (to be)___________:
•     altered smell, taste, hearing, or vision (total or partial)
•     drooping of eyelid (ptosis) and weakness of ocular muscles
•     decreased reflexes
•     decreased sensation and muscle weakness of the face
•     balance problems
•     altered breathing and heart rate
•     inability to turn head to one side
•     weakness in tongue (inability to protrude and/or move from side to side) Strokes also can also (to produce)__________________the following symptoms:
•     aphasia (inability to speak or understand)
•     altered voluntary movements
•    disorganized thinking, confusion
•     altered vision
•     memory deficits
If the cerebellum is involved, the patient may have the following: trouble walking, altered movement
coordination, dizziness.
Loss of consciousness, headache, and vomiting usually (to occur)__________more often in hemorrhagic   
stroke than in thrombosis.   If the symptoms (to resolve)________________ within an or maximum 24 hours the diagnosis (to be)________
transient ischemic attack (TIA), and not a stroke. This syndrome may (to be)_____a warning sign,
   and a large proportion of patients (to develop)______________ strokes in the future.
Stroke (to diagnose)________________ through several techniques: a neurological examination, blood tests,
   CT scans or MRI scans, Doppler ultrasound, and arteriography.                                                               
It (to be) ______ important to identify a stroke as early as possible because patients who (to treat)
________earlier (to have)_____________better recoveries.
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