DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

[Lux]

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pneumonia (to be)____an illness of the lungs and respiratory system' Pneumonia can (to
result)    _______ from a variety of causes. It may (to cause) _______________by infection with
bacteria, viruses, fungi , or parasites' ['paeresaits]. Pneumonia may also (to occur) ____________
from chemical or physical injury to the lungs. It may (to induce)_______________indirectly due to
another medical illness, such as lung cancer or alcohol abuse.
Typical symptoms associated with pneumonia (to include)____________cough, chest pain, fever, and
difficulty breathing. Diagnostic tools (to include) __________ x-rays and examination of the sputum.
Treatment (to depend) ___________ on the cause of pneumonia; bacterial pneumonia (to treat)
_________ with antibiotics.                       
Pneumonia (to be)_____a common illness. It (to occur)_________in all age groups. Pneumonia (to be)
______leading cause of death among the elderly and people who are chronically ill. Vaccines to prevent
certain types of pneumonia (to be)______available.
People with infectious pneumonia often (to have)_________a cough that (to produce)                 
greenish or yellow sputum and a high fever that may (accompany)________________by shaking
chills. Shortness of breath (to be) ______also common, as (to be)______pleuritic chest pain, a sharp or
stabbing pain, either felt or worse during deep breaths or coughs. People with pneumonia may (to cough up)
___________  blood.  They may (to experience) ,____________     headaches,  or (to  develop)
____________sweaty skin. Other symptoms may (to include)________________loss of appetite,
fatigue, blueness of the skin, nausea, vomiting, and joint pains or muscle aches.
To diagnose ['daiegnouz]   pneumonia, health care providers (to rely)__________on a patient's
symptoms and findings from physical examination. In formation from a chest X-ray, blood tests, and sputum
cultures may also (to be)______helpful. The chest X-ray (to use)_________________, typically for
diagnosis in hospitals and some clinics with X-ray facilities. However, in general practice, pneumonia (to
diagnose) ____________ usually based on symptoms and physical examination alone. Diagnosing
pneumonia can (to be)________difficult in some people, especially those who (to have)________
other illnesses. Occasionally a chest CT scan or other tests may (to need) ______________ to
distinguish pneumonia from other iilnesses.4
Individuals with symptoms of pneumonia (to need) _____________medical evaluation, Physical
examination by a health care provider may (to reveal)_______________fever or sometimes low body
temperature, an increased respiratory rate, low blood pressure, a fast heart rale, or a low oxygen saturation,
which (to be)____ the amount of oxygen in the blood as indicated by either pulse oximetry or blood gas
analysis.' People who (to struggle) ________to breathe, confused, or who (to have)
cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) (to require)__________immediate attention.
Listening to the lungs with a stethoscope (auscultation) can (to reveal)______   several things. An
important test for detecting pneumonia in unclear situations (to be)________ a chest x-ray in some
cases, cnes CT (computed tomography) can (to reveal)__________pneumonia which (not to see)
__________on cnest x-ray. X-rays can (to be)_______misleading, because other problems, like
lung scarring and congestive heart failure, can (to mimic)______________pneumonia on x-ray. Chest x-
rays (to use)_______________also to evaluate for complications of pneumonia.
• LUNG CANCER  from http:/www.bbcncws.com
There (to be)____more than 38,000 new cases of lung cancer in the UK every year. It (to be) ____always
______more common in men, particularly those aged over 40. However, recently, the number or women
with the disease (to increase)_______________considerably and it now claims more lives than breast
cancer.
Lung cancer (not to be)_____infectious and can't be passed on to other people.
Causes
Cigarette  smoking (to  be)______the cause of nearly all  lung cancers.   The  risk (to  increase)
__________________ with the number and type of cigarettes smoked.
One in ten lung cancers (to occur)   _______in non-smokers. But in a number if cases, exposure to
passive smoke (inhalation of other people's cigarette smoke) may (to be)____a cause.


Pipe and cigar smokers (to have)_______a lower risk than cigarette smokers, but it (to be)______still a
far greater risk than that of non-smokers.
Some rare types of lung cancer (not to relate)____________________to smoking. Other causes (to
include) ______________ exposure to certain chemicals and substances, such as asbestos, uranium,
chromium and nickel. These (to link)_______all     __________ to lung cancer but are very rare.
Symptoms
If you (to have)__________the following, or any other symptoms, you must (to have)   ______      them
checked by your doctor, But remember, all (to occur)_________in many conditions other than cancer.
•     a persistent cough or change in the nature of a longstanding cough
•     shortness of breath
  •    coughing up blood-stained phlegm (sputum): blood is a warning sign that always needs urgent investigation
•     chest discomfort - a dull ache or sharp pain when you cough or take a deep breath
•     loss of appetite and weight
Diagnosis
At present there (to be)______ no effective screening test for lung cancer. If you (to suspect)_____
you (to have)_________any of the symptoms mentioned, see a GP immediately. Initial tests (to include)
__________ a chest x-ray. You may also (to ask) to bring samples of phlegm for examination.
There (to be)______several tests that can (to do)________to diagnose lung cancer and these include:
•     Bronchoscopy - a thin flexible tube (to pass)_________gently through your nose or mouth and
I               into the lung airways. Photographs and cell samples (to take)_____then________.
•     Mediastinoscopy - a small cut (to make)___________through the skin at the base of the neck
under general anaesthetic. A tube (to pass)____then_________into the chest, allowing the doctor
I               to examine the area at the centre of the chest and local lymph nodes.
•     Lung biopsy -  a needle (to pass)___________through the skin into the lung and a sample of cells
(to take)____________for examination.
Lung cancer patients may (to refer)_____________to special clinics.
Treatment
There (to be) ______ two main types of lung cancer: about a quarter (to spread) _________ rapidly
______small-cell lung cancers (SCLC); the remainder (to be)           relatively slow-growing
non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC).
When the tumour (to be) ______ away from the centre of the chest and there (to be)_____little or no
spread (NSCLC), surgery (to use)_____often_________. A small part of the lung may (to remove)
________________  (wedge  resection),  or  a  lobe  of the  lung  (lobectomy)  or  an  entire   lung
(pneumonectomy). Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (to be)_____usually more effective in treating
     SCLC because this type of cancer rarely (to occur)____________in one place.
Sometimes lung cancer (to cause)________breathlessness by obstructing the wind pipe or one of the
main airways. In such cases laser therapy can (to provide)_________some relief.
     You can (to breathe)_________normally with only one lung. However, if you (to have) ________
breathing difficulties before the operation you may (to be) _______more breathless afterwards. Breathing
tests (to carry out) ___________ out to help you and your doctor decide on the best course of action.
    New ways of treating lung cancer (to study) ________________ In NSCLC cases, different ways of giving
radiotherapy and chemotherapy (to investigate) _________________..
Sometimes new symptoms can (to develop)______________ during your illness. These may (to cause)
________________ by the spread of the cancer to other parts of the body, but could also (to come)
_______________about because some lung cancer cells (to produce)___________hormones that upset
the body's chemical balance.
If you (to have)_____________any new symptoms, tell your GP straight away so you can (to give)
___.___________treatment or reassured that there's nothing to worry about.