BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON

[Lux]

A typical adult human skeleton consists of the following 206 bones.



•   Cranial bones:
o   1. frontal bone
o   2. parietal bone (2)
o   3. temporal bone (2)
o   4. occipital bone
o   sphenoid bone
o   ethmoid bone
•   Facial bones:
o   5. zygomatic bone (2)
o   6. superior and inferior maxilla [maek’sile]
o   9. nasal bone (2)
o   7. mandible bone [‘maendebl] lower jaw bone
o   palatine bone (2) [‘paeletain]
o   lacrimal bone (2) [‘laekrimel]
o   vomer bone
o   inferior nasal conchae bone (2)
In the middle ears (6):
•   ‘malleus (2) [‘maelies]
•   ‘incus (2)
•   stapes (2)
In the throat (1):
•   hyoid bone [‘haioid]
In the shoulder girdle (4):
•   25. clavicle or collarbone (2)
•   29. scapula or shoulder blade (2)
In the thorax (25):
•   10. sternum
•   28. ribs (2 x 12)
In the vertebral column (26):
•   8. cervical vertebrae (7)
•   14. lumbar vertebrae (5)
•   thoracic vertebrae (12)
•   16. sacrum
•   coccyx
In the arms (6):
•   11. humerus (2)
•   12. ulna (2)
•   13. radius (2)
o   27. head of radius
In the hands (54):
•   Wrist (carpal) bones (2x8):
o   scaphoid bone (2)
o   lunate bone (2)
o   triquetrum bone (2)
o   pisiform bone (2)
o   Trapezium (bone) (2)
o   trapezoid bone (2)
o   capitate bone (2)
o   hamate bone (2)
•   Palm or metacarpal bones:
o   metacarpal bones (5 × 2)
•   Finger bones or phalanges:
o   proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
o   intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)
o   distal phalanges (5 × 2)
In the pelvis (2):
•   15. pelvis (2)
In the legs (8):
•   18. femur (2)
o   17. hip joint (2)
o   22. greater trochanter of femur
o   23. condyles of femur
•   19. patella (2)
•   20. tibia (2)
•   21. fibula (2)
In the feet (52):
•   Ankle (tarsal) bones:
o   calcaneus (heel bone) (2)
o   talus (2)
o   navicular bone (2)
o   medial cuneiform bone (2)
o   intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
o   lateral cuneiform bone (2)
o   cuboidal bone (2)
•   Instep bones:
o   metatarsal bone (5 × 2)
•   Toe bones:
o   proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
o   intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)
o   distal phalanges (5 × 2)
The infant skeleton has the following bones in addition to those above:
1.   sacral vertebrae (4 or 5), which fuse in adults to form the sacrum
2.   coccygeal vertebrae (3 to 5), which fuse in adults to form the coccyx
3.   ilium, ischium and pubis, which fuse in adults to form the pelvic girdle [‘ge:dl]

There (to be) ____ two lower extremities, or lower limbs. Each lower extremity (to include) ________________ the thigh , the knee, and the calf [ka:f – икроножная область]. In the strict sense of human anatomy, the leg (to be)  the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the foot. The long bones of the lower limb (to be) _______ the femur (thigh bone), the patella (kneecap), the tibia (shin bone), and the fibula (calf bone). The main parts of the foot are the ankle, the heel, the instep, the sole, the ball and five toes [touz].   The ankle (to be) _____ a part of the lower limb. It (to locate) ________ between the foot and the leg. The ankle (to compose) _______________ of two separate joints: the talocrural joint (or "true" ankle joint) and the subtalar joint (talus – таранная кость). The heel (to be) _____ the prominence at the posterior end of the foot. The sole (to be) _____ the bottom of the foot. Much like the palm of the hand, the sole (to have) _________ thicker skin than most other parts of the body. The sole _____ less (to pigment)_____. The ball (уплотненная часть подошвы у переднего края плюсны) of the foot (to be) _____ where the toes (to join) ________________ to the rest of the foot. It (to be) _______ quite muscular. Toes (to be) ____ the digits of the foot of a human. In humans, the toe (to include) __________ the phalanx bones of the foot's skeleton. The toes, especially the big toe, or the great toe (to play) ________ an essential role in walking. On the toes there (to be) ______ nails, as we (to have) ______ on our fingers. They (to call) _______________ toenails. The pelvis (to be) _____ the bony structure. It (to locate) _____ at the base of the spine. The pelvis (to be) _____ symmetrical. Each side of the pelvis(to make up) __________________ of three separate bones — the upper half (the broad "wings") (to be) _____ the ilium (подвздошная); the middle part (to be) _____ the pubis (лобковая), and the bottom (to be)_____ the ischium (седалищная). These three bones (to fuse) ________ together with age The pelvis (to join) __________ to the sacrum bone by ligaments. The pelvis (to protect) ____________ the digestive and reproductive organs in the lower part of the body. Many large nerves and blood vessels (to pass) ________ through the pelvis to supply the legs. The pelvis (to be)__________ also an important load-bearing part of the skeletal system.

There (to be) ____ two upper extremities, or upper limbs. Each upper extremity (to consist) ________________ of a hand, a forearm, and an arm. The segment between the elbow and wrist (to call) _______________ the forearm. Each upper extremity (to include) _________________a humurus, a radius and an ulna. The elbow joint (to be) _____the joint between the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and ulna. Each upper limb (to have) _______ a hand. This part of the limb (to use) ___________in grasping and holding. Each hand (to be) ______ a mirror image of the other. The human hand (to consist)__________ of a broad palm (metacarpus) with five digits. The digits (to attach) ________________ to the forearm by a joint called the wrist (carpus). There (to be) ____ five fingers on the hand. They (to be) ______ the thumb, the index finger, pointer finger, or forefinger, the middle finger, the ring finger and the little finger or 'pinky'. The human hand (to have) ______ at least 27 bones: the carpus or wrist (to have) ______ 8 carpal bones; the metacarpus or palm (to contain) ______________ 5 metacarpal bones; the remaining 14 (to be)______  digital bones. Digital bones (to call) _______________ phalanx bones. Each human hand (to contain) _________ 14 phalanx bones. There (to be) ______ 2 pjalanx bones in the thumb, and 3 phalanx bones in each of the four fingers. The phalanx bones (to call) _____________ distal phalanx, carrying the nail, middle phalanx and proximal phalanx. The thumb (to have) _______ no middle phalanx. There (to be) ______ two shoulder joints in the human skeleton. Each shoulder joint (to compose) _________________ three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone).