KIDNEY DISEASESKidney diseases (to investigate and to treat) _____ normally _____________investigated and
_________________ by nephrologists, while the specialism of urology (to deal)_______ with
problems in the other organs. Gynecologists may (to deal)___________with problems of incontinence in
women.
Diseases affecting the urinary system (to include):
• There (to be)_____numerous kidney diseases, many of which (to interfere)___________ with the
normal production of urine. Renal failure may (to be)__________. acute or chronic, and may (to
require)______________medication and dialysis.
• Kidney stones may (to be)_____painful and (to cause)________long-term kidney damage.
• Stenosis (blockage), reflux (backflow of urine into the kidney, causing damage)
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs), cystitis, incontinence (involuntary loss of urine), benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) and urinary retention (inability to pass urine).
• Bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer (to be)______examples of neoplasms affecting
the urinary system.
The term "uropathy" (to refer)__________to a disease of the urinary tract, while "nephropathy" (to refer)
______to a disease of the kidney.
Urinalysis (to be)______a test that (to study)__________the content of urine for abnormal substances
such as protein or signs of infection. This test (to involve)________urinating into a special container and
leaving the sample to be studied.
Urodynamic tests (to evaluate)_____________the storage of urine in the bladder and the flow of urine
from the bladder through the urethra. It may (to perform)____________________ in cases of
incontinence or neurological problems affecting the urinary tract.
Ultrasound (to perform)_____commonly_____________to investigate problems of the kidney and/or
i urinary tract. An intravenous pyelogram (to study)_______________the shape of the urinary system.
Renal failure or kidney failure (to be) the condition in which the kidneys (to fail)__________to
function properly. Physiologically, renal failure (to describe)_______________as a decrease in the
glomerular filtration rate. Clinically, this (to manifest)_____________in an elevated serum creatinine.
The serum creatinine (to be)_____the most widely used blood-chemistry test to assess renal function.
Serum creatinine levels (to depend)________________not only on kidney function, but on the person's
| existing muscle mass as well. Muscle mass (to vary)_________with age, sex, and race. Typically,
younger patients, male patients, and African-American patients (to have)_________higher muscle mass.
Certain disease states, such as liver failure, (to lead)_____________to a decrease in muscle mass.
Renal failure can broadly (to divide)_______________into two categories: acute renal failure and
chronic renal failure.
Chronic renal failure (CRF) (to develop)_____________slowly and (to show)___________few
symptoms initially. It can (to be)____the complication of a large number of kidney diseases, such as IgA
nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis and urinary retention. End-stage renal failure (ESRF)
(to be)_____the consequence, in which case dialysis (to require)____generally______________until
a donor for a renal transplant (to find)______________. Treatment modalities for ESRF (to include)
___________peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and transplantion from either a living or cadaveric donor.
Of these renal transplantation (to afford)_______ the best quality and quantity of life to the
patient, provided they (to be)_____an appropriate candidate.
Acute renal failure (ARF) (to be)________-a-rapidly progressive loss of renal function generally
characterised by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 400 mL per day in adults, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants); body water and body fluids disturbances;
and electrolyte derangement. An underlying cause must (to identify)_______________to arrest the
progress, and dialysis may (to be)______necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these
fundamental causes.
